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Sunday, December 26, 2010

Summing up the various theories part 2

Commentary (Dalhana): (Continued)
After quoting examples of the six theories Dalhana continues
Jejjata has raised the question " Whether the Six (Swabhava etc.) are the same as 8 forms of Prakriti? or are they different? If they are different then it leads to two possibilities. Are they working together in formation of universe ? or are they independently capable of genesis? After discussing these options Jejjata has summed up that Except for God all others (Nature, Time, Chance, Destiny and Transformation) are manifestations of Prakriti in its 8 forms. ( In Sankhya and Ayurvedic Philosophy Prakriti in its original form converts itself into 8 intermediate forms on contact with Purusha. These are Avyakta, Mahat, Ahankar and five Tanmatras. They then convert into 16 forms which combine to form universe. They are Panchamahabhootas and 11 Indriyas Thus there are Original Prakriti or Avyakta + 7 intermediate forms and 16 observable forms making a total of 24 forms.)
Jejjata says that six theories are different perceptions of the same theory and Prakriti or Nature is the only thing responsible for genesis and Purusha or creator induces Prakriti into genesis.
Gayadasa says that all six together form the universe where Swabhava is the root cause and Other five are precipitating or triggering causes.

Commentary (Vishnu): The current cosmology theory as explained by Dr. Roger Penrose states that "....cyclic cosmology theory is a departure from the Big Bang theory of the universe that is generally perceived to mean that the universe burst in a Big Bang from an infinitesimal point and then expanded. But, according to my observations the universe is not defined by one beginning and end, but goes through an infinite succession of beginnings and endings into the remote future, without a reversal or what is called crunching. It never collapses, it goes on expanding and it's a cycle." 

Read more: Universe came into being before the Big Bang: Penrose - The Times of India http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Universe-came-into-being-before-the-Big-Bang-Penrose/articleshow/7169029.cms#ixzz19H46OKvJ

Prakriti and Purusha Siddhanta as a cosmology theory is gaining more and more support. Cyclical nature of Universe is embedded in Indian psyche and was theorized since Vedic times. Ayurveda accepts it as a given.
The question raised by Jejjata needs to be examined in detail.
Are Swabhava, Kaala,Yadriccha, Niyati and Parinama manifestations of Prakriti? The explanation given by Dalhana is as follows
Swabhava is the manifestation of Sattva, Rajas and Tamas (Three gunas or properties of Prakriti) and their material appearance as Pancha Mahabhootas governed by the natural laws. Thus it is a manifestation of Prakriti.
Niyati or destiny depends upon the previous deeds which in themselves are manifestaions of Rajoguna making it a manifestation of Prakriti.
Time is percived through movements of Sun, Moon and other Celestial bodies: These movements affect Panchamahabhootas to produce the hot and cold situations, Thus it is a manifestation of Rajoguna making it a manifestation of Prakriti. 
Yadriccha is a chance manifestation of Panchamahabhootas  making it a manifestation of Prakriti.
So in Ayurveda Universe is Transformation of Prakriti caused by perturbation on contact with Purusha.

To be continued

Saturday, December 25, 2010

Summing up the various theories

Nine different theories about origin of organisms and their diseases have been discussed. To get a clear perspective of the arguments a summary is in order. It will also be useful to take an overview of the positions taken by other classics.
Sushruta has enlisted different theories
स्वभावम् ईश्वरम् कालम् यदृच्छाम् नियतिम् तथा॥

परिणामम् च मन्यन्ते प्रकृतिम् पृथुदर्शिनः॥
सुश्रुत शारीरस्थान अध्याय१ सर्वभूतचिन्ताशारीर श्लोक११
Nature, Creator, Time, Chance, Destiny and Conversion are the reasons believed by different schools of Vaidyas.
Dalhana (डल्हण) discusses the theories in his commentary on Sushruta. He also refers to other commentators Jejjata, Gayadasa and others like Shripati from Jyotisha. He also gives multiple examples from Sushruta in support of each theory.


Commentary ( Dalhana) : (Referring to previous verse where Triguna theory is described as one opinion) Sushruta said this to give his opinion. 
Some Vaidyas who follow Swabhava (Nature) theory say that Nature is the cause of everything as in the verse
कः कण्टकानाम् प्रकरोति तैक्ष्ण्यम् चित्रम् विचित्रम् मृगपक्षिणाम् च॥
माधुर्यमिक्षौ कटुताम् मरीचे स्वभावतः सर्वमिदम् प्रवृत्तम्॥
" Who gives sharpness to thorns? Who gives beautiful and varied appearance to animals and birds? Who makes sugarcane sweet and pepper sharp? All this happens due to nature." 
Some Aacharyas say that God is the cause of everything Earth, mountains,trees, organisms, heaven and hell. As said in the verse 

अज्ञो  जन्तुरनीशोऽयमात्मनः सुखदुःयोः॥
 ईश्वरप्रेरितो गच्छेत् स्वर्गम् नरकमेव च ॥
" Every organism is unaware of his pleasures or sorrows and goes to heaven or hell (by his actions) provoked by God.
Kaala theorists say that Time is the cause of origin, stability and destruction of the universe. As said by the eminent Jyotishi Shripati " I bow to Time, the cause of origin, stability and destruction of the universe. Even those Yogis who know the ultimate truth are also bound by the knowledge of origin, stability and destruction."
Yadruccha (Chance)theorist say that everything happens by chance and no special reason is needed for things to happen. Hay and spark come together by chance to produce fire. 
Niyati (Destiny) theorists say that Good or bad deeds in the earlier incarnation determine what will happen to an organism.
Parinama (Transformation ) theorists say that ' Mahat or primordial principle generated on contact of Prakriti and Purusha is the cause of everything through transformation. 
Ayurveda being a congress of all Vedas all these theories are accepted by us. 
Sushruta himself has invoked all of these six diverse theories.
Nature theory
Expression of organs and their sub parts happens due to natural laws. 
Build of body, dentition, fall of teeth, absence of hair on palms are due to nature.
All other dhatus are always reducing but Nails and Hair always grow as it is their nature.
Tamas is the cause of sleep and Sattva is cause of awakening but Nature is the greater reason for both.
Mung is Laghu by nacture as are partridge and Kapinjala where as black gram, pork and beef are Guru by nature.


God theory

Agni is the representation of god in the body. He digests the food, absorbs Rasa but cannot be perceived due to its minuteness.
जाठरो भगवान् अग्निः ईश्वरोऽन्नस्य पाचकः॥
सौक्ष्म्याद्रसान् आददानो विवेक्तुम् नैव शक्यते॥
सूत्रस्थान३५।२७

Time Theory
Time of two types Hot and Cold produces specialized Panch Mahabhootas according to Nyaya Philosophy.This is proposed as reason for Sanchaya, Prakopa and Prashama of Doshas in Ritucharya (Sootrasthan Ch. 6) 


Chance theory
Chance is sudden unpredictable occurrence of  substances. As exemplified in Arbuda which does not normally lead to suppuration may suddenly and unexpectedly suppurate in some rare cases. This happens by chance. (Nidansthan 11/24)


Destiny Theory
Some diseases are Karmaja. Leprosy is caused by killing of a good person, woman or Brahmin, stealing etc. ( Nidansthan 5/29)


Transformation theory
Vipaka is due to transformation of (digestion) Rasa.
Same herbs become potent by transformation into maturity.
Hemant Ritu transforms water into its most potent form.
Rasa is the correctly transformed form of food.
Shukra occurs when children are transformed into adults (Age related transformation.)


To be continued in next posting ...... 

Tuesday, December 21, 2010

Time Theory

तन्नेति भिक्षुरात्रेयो न ह्यपत्यम् प्रजापतिः॥

प्रजाहितैषी सततम् दुःखैर्युञ्ज्यादसाधुवत्॥२४
कालजस्त्वेव पुरुषः कालजास्तस्य चामयाः॥
जगत्कालवशम् सर्वम् कालः सर्वत्र कारणम्॥२५॥

Translation: Bhikshu Atreya said " No. Prajapati who always looks after the best interest of his creations will not produce sorrowful conditions like a villain. 
(I propose) Time is the cause of organisms and their diseases. The whole world depends upon time and time is the reason everywhere.

Commentary (Chakrapani): The term Asadhu means one who betrays his children.


Commentary (Vishnu): Bhikshu Atreya (Different from Punarvasu Atreya) refutes the creator Theory by questioning the propriety of the creator in making his progeny suffer. This is one great flaw in using Anthropic principle. When we think of everything with an anthropocentric view we assign human motives to other entities. It is OK to have a talking rabbit in the fables but it is simply not true in real world.  
Theory proposed by Bhikshu Atreya has some distinct merit as everything happens in the way it happens because it happens at that particular time. In the space time continuum it can be visualized as sand clock or two cones joined at apex. Past is a cone narrowing down to present and future is a cone expanding to infinite possibilities. Which of the possibility becomes true depends upon the narrow bottleneck of the present. Thus time is an essential factor which shapes the events. By managing timing of the events we can direct the future. 
Time is the mold or die which imprints itslf on whatever passes through. 

Creator Theory

कांकायनस्तु नेत्याह न ह्यारंभफलं भवेत्॥

भवेत्स्वभावाद्भावानामसिध्दिः सिध्दिरेव वा॥२२॥
स्रष्टा त्वमितसंकल्पो ब्रह्मापत्यं प्रजापतिः॥
चेतनाचेतनस्यास्य जगतः सुखदुःखयोः॥२३॥

Translation: Kankayana said " No. If nature was responsible for occurrence or non occurrence of phenomena then there cannot be fruits of willful activity (free will). 
(I propose) The creator, Prajapati, Son of Brahma, on his own infinite free will created sentient and non sentient universe and all the pleasures and sorrows.

Commentary (Chakrapani): यदि (If) is the word hidden or assumed here. If nature was responsible....for occurrence or non occurrence of organisms and diseases then there cannot be fruits of willful activity like agriculture, Yajna, study which are known to be effective in public opinion as well as Shastra.These will become futile if everything occurred or did not occur only due to nature 
Infiniteness of free will of Prajapati Son of Brahma is derived from simultaneous creation of whole sentient and non sentient universe and all the pleasures and sorrows.


Commentary (Vishnu): Essentially the argument here is about free will and predetermination or destiny. If we opt for Swabhava vada (Nature Theory) then we deny free will for organisms. Even in microbes there may be evidence of free will responsible for their behavior. Current science usually ignores this possibility in the sophisticated investigation of behavior of microorganisms. The nature theory is embedded in mindset of scientists. There was a joke about a geneticist searching for the gene responsible for free will !!! Usually people do not associate free will with any animal other than Humans.
In his excellent book 'A Brief history of Time' Prof. Stefan Hawking examines two varieties of Anthropic principle while discussing origin of universe; A weak Anthropic principle and a strong Anthropic principle.    The discussion is too exotic to be paraphrased here. Kankayana is expounding weak Anthropic principle here. In Karma theory it was Strong anthropic principle. As to the identity of creator he is repeating the popular belief of those times. By invoking the name of Prajapati he might be giving more weightage to his argument as Prajapati is the one who received knowledge of Ayurveda from Brahma.(Chapter 1 Sootrasthana). 

Monday, December 20, 2010

Some links


List of Hotamisligil Lab publications  from:  http://www.lablife.org/labs/1247

[A more exhaustive list can be had by parsing PubMed.]


Yang LLi PFu SCalay ESHotamisligil GS
Cell Metab. 2010 Jun 9. 11(6):467-478.
Li PHotamisligil GS
Nature. 2010 Apr 29. 464(7293):1287-8.
Hotamisligil GS
Nat Med. 2010 Apr . 16(4):396-9.
Nakamura TFuruhashi MLi PCao HTuncman GSonenberg NGorgun CZHotamisligil GS
Cell. 2010 Feb 5. 140(3):338-48.
Hotamisligil GS
Int J Obes (Lond). 2008 Dec . 32 Suppl 7():S52-4.
Gregor MFYang LFabbrini EMohammed BSEagon JCHotamisligil GSKlein S
Diabetes. 2009 Mar . 58(3):693-700.
Hotamisligil GSErbay E
Nat Rev Immunol. 2008 Dec . 8(12):923-34.
Yang LHotamisligil GS
Cell. 2008 Oct 3. 135(1):20-2.
Cao HGerhold KMayers JRWiest MMWatkins SMHotamisligil GS
Cell. 2008 Sep 19. 134(6):933-44.
Vallerie SNFuruhashi MFucho RHotamisligil GS
PLoS ONE. 2008 . 3(9):e3151.
Furuhashi MFucho RGörgün CZTuncman G Cao HHotamisligil GS
J Clin Invest. 2008 Jul . 118(7):2640-50.
Furuhashi MHotamisligil GS
Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2008 Jun . 7(6):489-503.
Ozcan UOzcan LYilmaz EDüvel KSahin MManning BDHotamisligil GS
Mol Cell. 2008 Mar 14. 29(5):541-51.
Hotamisligil GS
Novartis Found Symp. 2007 . 286():86-94; discussion 94-8, 162-3
Erbay ECao HHotamisligil GS
Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2007 Sep . 9(3):222-9.
Furuhashi MTuncman G Görgün CZMakowski LAtsumi GVaillancourt EKono KBabaev VRFazio SLinton MFSulsky RRobl JAParker RA,Hotamisligil GS
Nature. 2007 Jun 21. 447(7147):959-65.
Gregor MGHotamisligil GS
J Lipid Res. 2007 May 9. ():.
Wellen KEFucho RGregor MFFuruhashi MMorgan CLindstad TVaillancourt EGorgun CZSaatcioglu FHotamisligil GS
Cell. 2007 May 4. 129(3):537-48.
Hotamisligil GS
Nature. 2006 Dec 14. 444(7121):860-7.
Ozcan UYilmaz EOzcan LFuruhashi MVaillancourt ESmith ROGörgün CZHotamisligil GS
Science. 2006 Aug 25. 313(5790):1137-40.
Tuncman G Hirosumi JSolinas GChang LKarin MHotamisligil GS
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Jul 11. 103(28):10741-6.
Cao HMaeda KGorgun CZKim HJPark SYShulman GIKim JKHotamisligil GS
Diabetes. 2006 Jul . 55(7):1915-22.
Tuncman G Erbay EHom XDe Vivo ICampos HRimm EBHotamisligil GS
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 May 2. 103(18):6970-5.
Makowski LHotamisligil GS
Curr Opin Lipidol. 2005 Oct . 16(5):543-8.
Tsai JTong QTan GChang ANOrkin SHHotamisligil GS
EMBO Rep. 2005 Sep . 6(9):879-84.
Wellen KEHotamisligil GS
J Clin Invest. 2005 May . 115(5):1111-9.
Ozcan UCao QYilmaz ELee AHIwakoshi NNOzdelen ETuncman G Görgün CGlimcher LHHotamisligil GS
Science. 2004 Oct 15. 306(5695):457-61.
Makowski LHotamisligil GS
J Nutr. 2004 Sep . 134(9):2464S-2468S.
Wellen KEUysal KTWiesbrock SYang QChen HHotamisligil GS
Endocrinology. 2004 May . 145(5):2214-20.
Hotamisligil GS
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003 Dec . 27 Suppl 3():S53-5.
Tong QTsai JHotamisligil GS
Drug News Perspect. 2003 Nov . 16(9):585-8.
Wellen KEHotamisligil GS
J Clin Invest. 2003 Dec . 112(12):1785-8.
Maeda KUysal KTMakowski LGörgün CZAtsumi GParker RABrüning JHertzel AVBernlohr DAHotamisligil GS
Diabetes. 2003 Feb . 52(2):300-7.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Feb 12;105(6):2117-22. Epub 2008 Feb 5.

Symbiotic gut microbes modulate human metabolic phenotypes.

Li MWang BZhang MRantalainen MWang SZhou HZhang YShen JPang XZhang MWei HChen YLu HZuo JSu MQiu YJia WXiao C,Smith LMYang SHolmes ETang HZhao GNicholson JKLi LZhao L.
Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.

Abstract

Humans have evolved intimate symbiotic relationships with a consortium of gut microbes (microbiome) and individual variations in the microbiome influence host health, may be implicated in disease etiology, and affect drug metabolism, toxicity, and efficacy. However, the molecular basis of these microbe-host interactions and the roles of individual bacterial species are obscure. We now demonstrate a"transgenomic" approach to link gut microbiome and metabolic phenotype (metabotype) variation. We have used a combination of spectroscopic, microbiomic, and multivariate statistical tools to analyze fecal and urinary samples from seven Chinese individuals (sampled twice) and to model the microbial-host metabolic connectivities. At the species level, we found structural differences in the Chinese family gut microbiomes and those reported for American volunteers, which is consistent with population microbial cometabolic differences reported in epidemiological studies. We also introduce the concept of functional metagenomics, defined as "the characterization of key functional members of the microbiome that most influence host metabolism and hence health." For example, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii population variation is associated with modulation of eight urinary metabolites of diverse structure, indicating that this species is a highly functionally active member of the microbiome, influencing numerous host pathways. Other species were identified showing different and varied metabolic interactions. Our approach for understanding the dynamic basis of host-microbiome symbiosis provides a foundation for the development of functional metagenomics as a probe of systemic effects of drugs and diet that are of relevance to personal and public health care solutions.
PMID: 18252821 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]PMCID: PMC2538887Free PMC Article

Identification of a lipokine, a lipid hormone linking adipose tissue to systemic metabolism


Cao H, Gerhold K, Mayers JR, Wiest MM, Watkins SM, Hotamisligil GS.

Cell. 2008 Sep 19;134(6):933-44.

Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Comment in:

    * Cell. 2008 Sep 19;134(6):914-6.

Abstract

Dysregulation of lipid metabolism in individual tissues leads to systemic disruption of insulin action and glucose metabolism. Utilizing quantitative lipidomic analyses and mice deficient in adipose tissue lipid chaperones aP2 and mal1, we explored how metabolic alterations in adipose tissue are linked to whole-body metabolism through lipid signals. A robust increase in de novo lipogenesis rendered the adipose tissue of these mice resistant to the deleterious effects of dietary lipid exposure. Systemic lipid profiling also led to identification of C16:1n7-palmitoleate as an adipose tissue-derived lipid hormone that strongly stimulates muscle insulin action and suppresses hepatosteatosis. Our data reveal a lipid-mediated endocrine network and demonstrate that adipose tissue uses lipokines such as C16:1n7-palmitoleate to communicate with distant organs and regulate systemic metabolic homeostasis.

PMID: 18805087

Nature Theory

भरद्वाजस्तु नेत्याह कर्ता पूर्वं हि कर्मणः॥

दृष्टं न चाकृतं कर्म यस्य स्यात्पुरुषः फलम्॥२०॥
भावहेतुः स्वभावस्तु व्याधीनाम् पुरुषस्य च ॥
खरद्रवचलोष्णत्वम् तेजोन्तानाम् यथैव हि॥२१॥

Translation: Bharadwaja said " No. Doer always precedes the deed. We do not perceive an event happening spontaneously which will result in generation of an organism. 
(I propose) Origin of diseases and organisms are a result of nature (natural laws) like properties of Mahabhootas roughness, liquidity, movement and hotness respectively. 

Commentary (Chakrapani): If the organisms occurred due to spontaneous events then it refutes the Karma theory and if Purusha (organisms) are a result of Karma (behaviours) then it leads to a dilemma of origin of first organism. The words न दृष्टं mean not found true with प्रमाण or criteria of valid evidence. The premise 'Every behavior whether evil or good, religious or sinful needs a doer'   is the thrust of the argument.
The natural properties of Mahabhootas are quoted in 1st chapter of Sharir sthana.

Commentary (Vishnu): Bharadwaja's proposal here is very important. It states that everything occurs as per natures laws. No separate doer is needed for events to occur. An excellent exposition of the same principle can be read in the phenomenal book by Dr. Richard Dawkins 'The Blind Watchmaker'. Whole Darwinian theory is founded on this principle. We can even say that this is the foundation of Modern Science. Everything which happened after Big Bang is explainable by natural laws. Of course there remains the question of 'What caused Big Bang?'

Even if we confine ourselves to diseases, whole biomedical science is based on the same premise. For every happening we seek the explanation in natural laws.Biophysics, Biochemistry, Evolutionary biology, Molecular biology and many other disciplines firmly believe that everything is explainable by natural laws.
Bharadwaja's refutation of Karma theory is impeccable. 
Let us wait a little while for the next argument which refutes this theory.

Sunday, December 19, 2010

Karma theory of diseases

भद्रकाप्यस्तु नेत्याह नह्यन्धोऽन्धात्प्रजायते॥

मातापित्रोरपि च ते प्रागुत्पत्तिर्न युज्यते॥१८॥
कर्मजस्तु मतो जन्तुः कर्मजास्तस्य चामयाः॥
न ह्यृते कर्मणो जन्म रोगाणां पुरुषस्य वा॥१९॥

Translation: Bhadrakapya said " No. Blind does not have blind parents. Your theory does not explain origin of Mother and Father.
( I Propose) Organisms and their diseases originate from Karma (Behaviors). Without Karma no organism can be born and diseases are also a result of Karma.

Commentary (Chakrapani): If inheritance theory was correct then a blind person should procreate blind children is the thrust of argument. Another reason (for refutation of inheritance theory) is given as the impossibility of origin of first organism. ( Chakrapani does not comment on Karma theory)

Commentary (Vishnu): Bhadrakaya here is offering two very strong objections to Inheritance theory.
1. All diseases are not inherited. Inheritance of acquired characteristics is  a very long standing debate. Currently there is a trend to synthesize Darwinian and Lamarckian theories. Epigenetics is the whole discipline in the forefront of this school of thought. Still nobody can deny that many diseases are not inherited.
2. Origin of first organism cannot be explained by theory of inheritance. Currently there is no satisfactory scientific theory about origin of first organism. We do not even know for certain whether  first organism originated on earth or elsewhere. The central dogma RNA to DNA to Proteins does not explain origin of RNA. 


As to the proposal of Bhadrakapya that Karma is the cause we should think whether it is Karma in this incarnation or in an earlier incarnation. I do not want to go into the controversial area of reincarnation. Ayurveda believes in reincarnation. The discussion about that topic is in तिस्रैषणीय अध्याय सूत्रस्थान११ (Chapter 11 in Sootrasthana). When a disease is not explainable by obvious causes usually it is explained by invoking Karma in earlier incarnation. A large section of Ayurvedic literature deals with Karmaja Vyadhi Chikitsa or treatment of diseases caused by past behaviors. 
Even if we discount the reincarnation theory and look at the proposal of Bhadrakapya there is certain merit in the argument. Behavior, may it be instinctive or by free will, is an essential factor in generation of diseases. ( When we cannot come to any conclusion as to which behavior caused a disease we call it idiopathic and traditional Vaidyas call it Karmaja.) 
Whether this factor (Behavior) is sufficient is another point to ponder. 

Saturday, December 18, 2010

Inheritance as cause

तथा ब्रुवाणम् कुशिकमाह तन्नेति कौशिकः॥
कस्मान्मातापितृभ्यां हि विना षड्धातुजो भवेत॥१६॥
पुरुषः पुरुषाद्गौर्गोरश्वादश्वः प्रजायते॥
पित्र्या मेहादयश्चोक्ता रोगास्तावत्र कारणम्॥१७॥

Translation: When Kushik (Hiranyaksha) said this Kaushika said" No, it is not so. How can an organism be composed of Six Dhatus without Mother and Father? Humans produce human offsprings, cows produce cows and horses produce horses. Diseases like Meha (Diabetes is rough translation of Meha) are known to be caused by inheritance. 

Commentary (Chakrapani): Kushik is another name of Hiranyaksha. If we ignore inheritance then presence of Six Dhatus in all organisms will make all organisms indistinguishable. Use of Adi indicates other diseases like Leprosy, Piles etc.

Commentary (Vishnu): Koushika here points out the important point about individuality of each person or organisms. It is true that every organism is a combination of Material and abstract components. But every organism is unique. This uniqueness is imparted through inheritance. 
Presence of genetically inherited diseases cannot be explained by Six dhatu theory. Chakrapani in his commentary is giving examples which are very interesting. Leprosy is now known to be caused by M.leprii Still susceptibility to infection is different in different communities. Prevalence of leprosy is more in India but Europeans are much more  susceptible to leprosy on exposure. This is due to genetic variation. 
Piles is a very common disease. Probably Chakrapani is referring to congenital piles. For animal models of piles we need dogs. Rodents do not get piles.
Both these examples show clinical erudition of Chakrapani.
Another interesting point in this discussion is Kushik has done the previous argument (Six Dhatus) and Koushika is refuting it. In Sanskrit language Koushika means Son of Kushik. We do not know for sure that the participants in this discussion were father and son but it is a distinct possibility. .

Six Dhatus as origin

हिरण्याक्षस्तु नेत्याह न ह्यात्मा रसजः स्मृतः॥

नातींद्रियं मनः सन्ति रोगाः शब्दादिजास्तथा॥१४॥
षड्धातुजस्तु पुरुषः रोगाः षड्धातुजास्तथा॥
राशिः षड्धातुजो ह्येष सांख्यैराद्यैः प्रकीर्तितः॥१५॥

Translation: Hiranyaksha said " No. Soul is not believed to be originated from Rasa. Same with mind which is beyond senses. We also see diseases caused by sound etc.
( I Propose) Organisms and diseases originate from confluence of Six dhatus. Original Sankhya sages have described Purusha as confluence of Six dhatus.

Commentary (Chakrapani): Soul and Mind both being beyond senses they cannot originate from Rasa is the argument here. Had they originated from Rasa then they would have been perceptible by sense organs. He (Hiranyaksha) offers another argument that diseases caused by sound pollution etc. do not originate from Rasa.
Hiranyaksha is proposing Six Dhatus i. e. Pancha Mahabhootas and soul  as described in Sharir sthana chapter 1 खादयः चेतनाषश्ठा धातवः पुरुषः स्मृतः॥

Commentary (Vishnu): Hiranyaksha is offering two very convincing arguments for refutation of 'water as origin'. In his own proposal he is confirming the standard position of Sankhya sages. Here we will not go into the gray area about nature of Mahabhootas. That topic will be uncovered in commentary of Sootrasthan Chapter 1. Here we will assume that Panchamahabootas represent material world or molecular world. 
In Six Dhatus the term used is Chetanadhatu. This includes Soul(Atman) accompanied by Logical mind (Manas), Ego or conciousness (Ahankara) and  Emotional mind (Chitta).
Apparently the argument by Hiranyaksha seems all inclusive. All material parts of the body and all abstract parts are included. Any of them can be cause of diseases and all of them together form the Purusha. 
Let us wait for the next speaker to refute this seemingly powerful argument in this unfolding drama.

Friday, December 17, 2010

Water as origin

वायोर्विदस्तु नेत्याह न ह्येकम् कारणम् मनः॥
न ॠते शरीरात् शारीराः रोगाः न मनसः स्थितिः॥१२॥
रसजानि तु भूतानि व्याधयश्च पृथग्विधाः॥
आपो हि रसवत्यस्ताः स्मृताः निर्वृत्तिहेतवः॥१३॥

Translation: Vayorvid said " No. Mind cannot be the only reason. Without a body bodily diseases are impossible. Even existence of mind is not without body.
(I propose) Organisms and different diseases originate from Rasa. Rasa originates from Aap Mahabhoot and therefore  Aap Mahabhoot is origin of organisms and their diseases.

Commentary (Chakrapani): (Disscussion on grammatical aspects)
Commentary (Vishnu): Vayorvid literally means one who knows Vayu and here he is proposing Aap as origin. Refutation of mind as origin is very clear. but proposal by Vayorvid that Aap is the origin of both organisms as well as diseases seems convoluted. It is true that bodies do not exist in a vacuum and they need water based medium for their continued existence. Disturbance in water balance is found in almost all disease but can we say that it is the cause? It may well be the effect. 
Primordial soup in which first organism originated  is presumed to be watery. Except for some scientists (Notably Fred Hoyle and Chandra Wickramsinghe) current consensus on origin of life presumes earth as cradle of life. Billions of years ago Life originated in the seas which contained all the necessary building blocks of life suspended in water. 
But water can be viewed as facilitator rather than cause of life.
For disease process water being the stage on which the whole intricate dance of biomolecule unfolds it definitely is a necessary factor. 

Tuesday, December 14, 2010

Mind as origin

शरलोमा तु नेत्याह न ह्यात्माऽऽत्मानमात्मना॥
योजयेद्व्याधिभिः दुःखैः दुःखद्वेषी कदाचन॥१०॥
रजस्तमोभ्यां तु मनः परीतम् सत्त्वसंज्ञकम्॥
शरीरस्य समुत्पत्तौ विकाराणां च कारणम्॥११॥

Translation: Sharaloma said " No, Soul cannot be cause of diseases as Soul abhors sorrow and it will not cause sorrow to itself.
(I propose) Mind, also called as Sattva, which is occluded by Rajas and Tamas is the origin of body as well as diseases"
Commentary (Chakrapani): Sattva is the term used for mind to distinguish it from Soul as Manas which is responsible for thought includes both mind and soul.

Commentary (Vishnu): Sharaloma's refutation of Soul as a cause is a very good point. If we take Soul as representing free will( see commentary on previous verses) then such a soul will not willingly become a cause of disease. 
As to his proposal that Mind is the cause of body the argument is not convincing at all. Mind may be the cause of identity remaining intact in spite of continuously changing molecules and cells but it cannot be a cause of body. Manas is described by Charak as a substance beyond Panchamahabhootas or different from panchamahabhootas just like Time or Directions खादीन्यात्मा मनः कालो दिशश्च द्रव्यसंग्रहः॥while Sushruta says that for all practical purposes Manas should be considered as Panchabhoutik सर्वम् द्रव्यम् पांचभौतिकम् अस्मिन्नर्थे॥ If it is taken as beyond panchamahabhootas then it cannot be a cause of Panchabhoutik body.
Its panchabhoutik status described by Sushruta is a virtual status. As mind is affected by Panchabhoutik food or drugs it can be considered Panchabhotik for all practical purposes but it is a deemed or virtual status.
Mind as a cause of diseases is much more convincing as Mind under influence of Rajas or Tamas or both is responsible for behaviors which lead to diseases. Some people say that disease first occurs in mind and then it is manifested in the body. There is always a psychological component to every disease which decides the prognosis. How we cope with the disease depends upon the psyche. But of course it cannot be a sole cause.

Wednesday, December 8, 2010

Soul as origin

पारिक्षिस्तत् परीक्ष्याग्रे मौद्गल्यो वाक्यमब्रवीत्॥

आत्मजः पुरुषः रोगाश्चात्मजाः कारणम् हि सः॥८॥
स चिनोति उपभुंक्ते च कर्म कर्मफलानि च॥
नह्यृते चेतनाधातोः प्रवृत्तिः सुखदुःखयोः॥९॥
Translation: After analyzing that (question) the analyst Moudgalya said " Purusha originates from soul and the diseases are also generated from soul, as soul initiates behaviors and faces the consequences. Pleasure and sorrow cannot happen without the life principle."
Commentary (Chakrapani): The meaning of these verses is very clear requiring no explanation.
Pleasure and sorrow imply the instrument of those that is healthy or diseased body.
Soul along with behavior is the cause of Purusha as well as his diseases.
Commentary (Vd. Y.G.Joshi): In Dharmashastra Soul is considered independent doing work on own free will and has to undergo the consequences. Parikhi Moudgalya is developing his argument from this notion.
The detailed discussion and position of Atreya Punarvasu is found in C. Sharira 1 (कतिधापुरुषीय शारीर)    
Commentary (Vishnu): Existence or non existence of Soul in living organisms is endlessly debated since time immemorial. Current life sciences deny or ignore existence of Soul. In Indian tradition Non Vaidik Darshanas i.e. Bouddha, Jain, Charvak are of the same opinion. Charak Samhita accepts existence of Soul. As told by Vd. Y. G. Joshi the detailed description is found in C. Sharira 1 (कतिधापुरुषीय शारीर)    
In the verses under consideration we can take the soul as representing free will. At present we will not go into the debate but assume existence of soul for the sake of discussion.
The entity which is responsible for behaviors (Karma) is proposed as cause of both Purusha and diseases. Second part of the argument that pleasure and sorrow cannot exist without life delineates the definition of disease described by Sushruta द्दुःखसंयोगाः व्याधयः॥ The conjugation of Panchamahabhuta and Soul is the Purusha on which treatments are performed. and Conjugation of Purusha and sorrow is disease.
A dead body cannot have diseases therefore diseases originate from the life principle is the argument in short. 

Tuesday, December 7, 2010

Some vigorous discussion on previous posts

I want to share the comments I receieved on email
Madan wrote
Dear Vishnu et al.,

Western Medicine and its logic as we have it today is still an "infant" - The one simple question, to provide us the required mental agility to keep us from 'premature closure' and to keep the arguments and discussion alive ...

"Is there a need for a better theory of health and disease and cure and healing?"

I am sure even Selvan will agree that there is a need for something new and more convincing - the contemporary concepts fail on many, many counts!

Can Shastra guide us and where in Shastras are the clues for Medicine and the Sciences?

Selvan's "mechanistic" inclinations is natural, is just one of the ways of looking at the workings of the body - very much the Newtonian school of thinking and Newtonian Confidence with its own strenghts but also major limitations.  Alex will provide a different view about the limits of such a 'materialistic' route to understanding the body.

Hope it will not be long in this discussion that we will arrive at the need to invoke the 72,000 nadis and such like.

Vishnu, I am so happy to have triggered you into this dialogue; it might seem that the deepest understanding and respect for the knowledge in Charaka Samhita Su 25 #3-31 is another example of how shastra can guide science - looking forward to more.
 Selvan wrote
Western Medicine and its logic as we have it today is still an "infant" - The one simple question, to provide us the required mental agility to keep us from 'premature closure' and to keep the arguments and discussion alive ...

"Is there a need for a better theory of health and disease and cure and healing?"

I am sure even Selvan will agree that there is a need for something new and more convincing - the contemporary concepts fail on many, many counts!--Of course, yes.  This is due to our own limitations to grasp th subtle changes.  If ancient concepts convince us, this is what we need to achieve.  In order to get convinced, what we need to have.  This is the real debate we all have with even Ayurveda.--Selvan

Can Shastra guide us and where in Shastras are the clues for Medicine and the Sciences?

Selvan's "mechanistic" inclinations is natural, is just one of the ways of looking at the workings of the body - very much the Newtonian school of thinking and Newtonian Confidence with its own strenghts but also major limitations.  Alex will provide a different view about the limits of such a 'materialistic' route to understanding the body.--Shastras are all came only through inquiries and experimentations using whatever the tools they had.  In fact, Rishis used their body to understand how the body works.  But, the modern medicines uses tools (outside of the body) made by the body to determine what is going on with the body.  Here, the limitations is our ability to make the tool at par with the body to diagnose or treat.  These limitations only will pave ways for our explorations...Only through form, the formless will be understood, even the working of the body.  One aspect to pursue:  Can Naadis be performed in complete term with available modern tools?  or is it necessary?

How much form is needed, what kind of form, how it needs to be, etc. - These are all things what we need to understand and this is what we are striving to achieve.  If Ancient science has already worked out, then, why we need modern science.   In my mind, it is the natural progression that  had happened due to limits of either our own understanding of what Rishis has perceived or whatever they perceived might have had its own limitations.  This is where my agreement is to get the clues to pass through where we cannot make dent with modern science.  Modern medicine does not stop its exploration (obviously due to its own limitations).   If we were to follow the ancient science/medicine, we may have to just accept and move on.  I would rather prefer that it should be going back and forth- like bed side to bench side and bench side to bed side.  To understand the body or even the formless, we need the body.  I look forward to Alex's view on this.  Perceived limitations of our body will only help us to understand the limitlessness of our body.   Any form has to become formless at some point.  The form is not stable.  I believe in the formless that is what really exists.  This is the reason, each form finally goes back to formless and it recycles.  Formless to form and form to formless.  All we are trying to do is how much or what extent we can maintain the form with our understanding.  This is the struggle with Ayurveda and Modern Medicine.  In my mind, Ayurveda has edge over modern science since it uses the body or the form to stabilize the formless and in turn to preserve the form.  Let us continue with our deliberation taking one major aspect: Health and Disease as Madan proposed.  --Selvan

Hope it will not be long in this discussion that we will arrive at the need to invoke the 72,000 nadis and such like.

Vishnu, I am so happy to have triggered you into this dialogue; it might seem that the deepest understanding and respect for the knowledge in Charaka Samhita Su 25 #3-31 is another example of how shastra can guide science - looking forward to more.
 Selvan wrote
Learn how to use what nature is providing us.  Yes, grandmother and mother used Cow Dung to clean the floor of our hut, Dried Cow Dung to use as fuel, Cow Deng to reduce swelling in the leg, etc...We have relatively had a very healthy living...  We used only earthen pots to cook...We ate seasonal vegetables and fruits by living oneness with the nature.  We drank the well water.  We have now altered everything...We are what we eat...
My response
Dear Selvan
At the same time we must not forget that healthy were those who survived. The death rates in first 5 years were horrible. Total average life expectancy was 34 years. Those who survived beyond that were the only ones who did enjoy a very healthy life.
Man has the most unnatural way of living. No other animal uses even cloths.
One should follow the advice of Vagbhata
अनुयायात् प्रतिपदम् सर्वधर्मेषु मध्यमम्॥
We should avoid extremes and get the benefits of all  diverse options. Raw nature is extremely punishing to the weak. Only those who survive it can really enjoy it. At the same time modern generations way of life is virtual reality which is totally divorced from nature and very unhealthy. One should find a suitable mix of natural and synthetic.
Selvan wrote

Dear Vishnu,

Amen.  Yes, suitable mix

Looks like to read my mind.  Believe me or not, this is exactly I was thinking after sending my email and sitting on the toilet (I dwell into things while I am in the bath room).

The challenge now is to go and practice what was laid out during ancient time. This is where comes, creating an new science of life using both modern and ancient science, and creating a balance and use the best of both.  This is what I was planning to write.

Thank you, again.  It was a perfect telepathy...Again, through form only one can achieve...
My response
Dear Selvan
Form is the effect as well as cause. Form is generated by interactions of innumerable tiny particles and forces acting on them. Once the form is generated as an effect of this celestial dance it will invariably affect everything that happens to it. Form will produce constraints to what is possible and what is not. Form is the first thing that is generated from Soul. आत्मनो आकाशः संभूतः Ayurveda is entering the realm of abstract here. We need insights from theoretical physicist here.
Madan wrote
The much required clarity offered in Charaka Samhita about food and health and disease and how to use this knowledge as a guide for developing systems for the future will reveal itself as Vishnu takes us further into the adhyaya and verses 3 to 31 of the Sutra Sthana of Charaka Samhita   [Charaka Samhita Su 25 #3-31]


Till then ...  Beware / Attenzione / Vorsicht / Méfiez-vous / tenga cuidado and be prepared with the following "logic", that one ugly five letter word, we all hate so much:

- Beware of trying to understand the whole by the arbitrary isolation of the separate components or by hazy or forced abstractions.

- It has often been said that "nature is simple" - illusion!
It is our mind which looks for simplicity to avoid effort.

- Seek simplicity - and distrust it.



Vishnu, please do suggest background reading for all of us for greater clarity about Tattvas in Samkhya [Purusha and Prakrti] & Tattvas in Shaivism [Shuddha tattvas, Shuddha-ashuddha tattvas, Ashuddha tattvas] and implications.  This might seem essential knowledge for appreciating the frame of reference in which one side of the unfolding story of Charaka Samhita Su 25 #3-31 and its messages and reasons for its wisdom.

(Selvan, the logic in Charaka Samhita was documented for all to study - 3000 or possibly even more years ago!! - Walmart who seem to rule what the world eats was ... "was founded by Sam Walton in 1962, incorporated on October 31, 1969, and publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange in 1972" ; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Wal-Mart -  and just two years short of its 50th anniversary and if one wishes to compare the time in existence in a "human embryonic development time scale" ... Walmart's history is just past day no. 4 post-fertilization.  Wait for the day when knowledge from Charaka and the other Samhitas will form the basis of Fortune companies traded in the premier stock exchanges around the world).
Selvan wrote
Yes, the form is the cause and the effect.  Soul can only be realized/understood/appreciated through form.  If there is no form, we cannot understand what it is.  Yes, the form has limitations and hence, I said earlier, it has a finite time, like our body.

Yes, form will have constraints which is due to what is the nature of that particular form.

What is Soul?  Is it formless?  Can we know or understand the soul without the form?  In my mind, it is not possible.
The challenge for us is to how long we can keep the particular form going...like our body.

Each form has its own constraints.  I am convinced it is made purposely to realize/achieve the particular purpose.  Once it is done, it has to be converted into some other form in order to sustain what has been created.  It is the balancing act and it is the continuum.

How to maintain or sustain the body and what we should do to achieve this.  Here, Ayurveda is the only answer?

Considering the way we live now, what would be the best approach.

In my mind, all medical approach is to prolong the life...whichever is doing the best job with our own understanding we should follow.  And, at the same time, we should strive for leaning more about it.  Our job is to understand with the tools in our hand and formulate one for each individual through knowledge gained from both ancient science of life and modern science.  This is what I have been championing for.